Bribery
Offering or soliciting money (or other things of monetary value) to influence the actions of an official or other people in charge of a public or legal duty is considered a bribe.
Example: In order to get your driver's license or passport, you need to pay a "fee" to the administrator handling your case.
Embezzlement
When a person holding office in an institution, organization or company dishonestly and illegally uses funds and goods they have been entrusted with for personal gain.
Example: A person responsible for allocating money to roadwork could instead channel this money into their own personal bank account.
Extortion
Using one's action to a position of power to demand money (or other things of monetary value) as a result of threats.
Example: A police officer threatening to put you in jail unless you pay up for an offense you didn't commit.
The difference between corruption and fraud
While corruption falls within the categories above, fraud is the act of intentionally hiding the truth, lying or otherwise deceiving someone for their own personal gain.
Example: You buy a mobile phone that’s broken and the seller knows it but still completes the transaction.